In the News
March 16, 2015
Odometers are not standard equipment on the race cars competing in NASCAR but if they were, collectively they surpassed a momentous milestone over the weekend at Phoenix International Raceway. NASCAR began running Sunoco Green E15 in its three top national series back in 2011 and Saturday during the NASCAR XFINITY Series Axalta Faster. Tougher. Brighter. 200 race, NASCAR hit and surpassed 7 million miles of racing, the equivalent of almost 30 trips from the earth to the moon or 281 laps around the earth!
NASCAR made the fuel change in conjunction with their NASCAR Green® Platform, the largest and most comprehensive recycling, tree planting and renewable energy programs in sports. Not only has the move to Sunoco Green E15 proven to be an environmentally beneficial decision, it’s actually boosted the performance of the race cars in all three national series – lowering emissions and increasing horsepower.
“From our initial seamless transition to Sunoco Green E15, a 15 percent American-grown, American-made ethanol racing fuel blend in Daytona in 2011 to 7 million miles reached here at Phoenix International Raceway, NASCAR has shown under the most demanding competition that E15 is safe, reliable and it works,” said Dr. Michael Lynch, Vice President, NASCAR Green Innovation and STEM Platforms. “NASCAR fans are 80 percent more likely than non-fans to support the use of ethanol blends in their own car on the street, because they understand that NASCAR and our diligent race teams did our homework from the start with thousands of miles and hours of testing.”
“NASCAR validates what a great performance fuel [E15] is,” said Tom Buis, CEO of Growth Energy. “If you meet with the teams and talk with the owners, they have noticed only increased horsepower, higher performance, and reduced emissions without a single issue when it comes to durability and dependability.” Buis added, “This partnership has been critical in showing the American consumer that if E15 performs in the most rigorous and demanding situations in motorsports, it’s clearly a safe, high performance reliable fuel that is good for American consumers who want a choice and savings at the pump.”
“Thanks to countless miles of testing, research and collaboration with NASCAR, we were prepared to run Sunoco Green E15, a 15 percent ethanol fuel in our race cars and the transition was flawless,” said Richard Childress, Chairman and CEO of Richard Childress Racing. “We didn’t listen to the negative rhetoric about this, we did our own homework and testing and the switching of fuels has gone fantastic. It has also been very welcomed throughout NASCAR. Since this change took place, we have seen increased horsepower from a higher-octane ethanol fuel blend and decreased emissions. In our own internal tests at RCR, we used ethanol blends up to E30 and found no issues with that fuel, either. If you need any further proof, look no further than the 7 million miles NASCAR is about to complete.”
“Drivers across the United States have a long and successful history with 10 percent ethanol blended fuel,” said Jon Holzfaster, a farmer from Nebraska and National Corn Growers Association Board member. “Frankly, they like the cost savings provided by ethanol and the fact it comes from family farmers. Automotive technology has changed and so have the needs of the public. Cars made since 2001 are designed to run on E15 and NASCAR has proven to be a great way to grow consumer awareness as E15 availability grows.”
Learn more about American Ethanol here.
March 11, 2015
By Erin Voegele
On March 11, Fuels America hosted a media event featuring leaders in the U.S. ethanol industry preemptively responding to a call from the American Petroleum Institute, the Environmental Working Group and ActionAid to repeal the corn ethanol portion of the renewable fuels standard (RFS).
During a joint press event, the API, EWG and ActionAid repeated previously-debunked claims that the RFS will harm consumers and the economy, drive up food prices, and that higher ethanol blends will damage cars.
Tom Buis, CEO of Growth Energy, opened the Fuels America event stressing the API, EWG and ActionAid were repeating the same old misinformation that they’ve publicized before. "We are here to tell you the ethanol industry continues to innovate, get cheaper and cleaner, and increase America’s energy security, while creating jobs and benefiting the environment and consumers at the pump," he said.
Buis noted that at the recent Iowa Ag Summit, six out of nine republican presidential hopefuls expressed support for the RFS, noting that he thinks more politicians see the misinformation that Big Oil is dishing out.
Rob Elliott, first vice president of the National Corn Growers Association, spoke about the myth of food versus fuel, noting that research has shown that energy, transportation, marketing and packaging drive food price increases much more than raw materials costs. “There is about a dime’s worth of corn in a $4 box of corn flakes, which kind of tells that tale,” he said. Elliott also noted that corn prices are currently below the cost of production, and stressed that falling corn prices have not translated into lower food prices.
In addition, Elliott addressed the myth of crop expansion, noting that the law that establishes the RFS prohibits crop land expansion beyond 2007 levels. He also indicated that U.S. crop land has actually trended downward since the RFS was implemented, at the same time biofuel production has increased.
He also stressed that the RFS caps the amount of corn ethanol that can qualify for the program at about 15 billion gallons. The industry is already operating at an annualized rate of approximately 14.7 billion gallons, so the cap is essentially been reached. “There will be no massive expansion of first generation biofuels in the U.S.,” he said, noting that future increases in RFS requirements are likely to be met with biofuels manufactured from cellulosic and waste-based feedstocks.
Finally, Elliott noted that even with the RFS, more grain is available today worldwide for food than has been at any point in history. “We’ll actually finish this marketing year with huge piles of corn left over as we move into the 2015 harvest,” he said.
Adam Monroe, president of Novozymes America, spoke about the investments his company has made in both the first-generation and second-generation biofuel sectors as a result of the RFS. Regarding cellulosic production, Monroe noted the price of enzymes has dropped by 90 percent when compared to prices just a few years ago. He also spoke about progress with first-generation technologies, noting his company has spent a lot of investment, time and effort to improve the sustainability and efficiency of grain-ethanol production. As a result of these improvements, a typical ethanol plant can produce the same amount of ethanol annually with 22,000 tons less corn. “We’ve invested more than $500 million into North America,” Monroe said, noting Novozymes plans to spend hundreds of millions more, as long as biofuel policy continues.
According to Monroe, the RFS has driven a lot of private sector investment. However, if Congress or President Obama give in to oil lobby efforts to weaken the RFS, that investment could go away. He added that the ongoing argument over policy also helps weaken the investor community. This is no doubt a tactic to try to create uncertainty in the biofuels space, he said, adding that efforts to dismantle the RFS make it difficult to attract new investors into the advanced biofuel space.
Bob Dinneen, president and CEO of the Renewable Fuels Association, also stressed there will be no massive U.S. expansion of corn-ethanol production. “The [RFS] is designed specifically to drive investments in new technologies, using new feedstocks,” he said.
Dinneen encouraged those on the Fuels America call to question the API, EWG and ActionAid on how they’d explain the fact that the price of corn has dropped since the RFS was passed, that two of the lowest food price inflation rates of the past 50 years have occurred over the past six years, and that the UN acknowledges that hunger worldwide has fallen. He also noted the dead zone in the gulf has shrunk while the RFS has been in pace due to more efficient farming practices, and that U.S. forest area has actually increased. “Their doomsday scenarios make no sense, and people just need to question and reflect what they say against what is actually happening,” Dinneen said.
Read the original story here : Fuels America Responds To Anti-RFS Claims From API, Others
March 11, 2015
By Cindy Zimmerman
Holding a press conference in advance of the American Petroleum Institute continuing its call to weaken the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS), representatives of the ethanol and advanced biofuels industry and corn growers defended the law and the fuel.
Growth Energy CEO Tom Buis said the oil industry is making the same old arguments about ethanol that are simply not true, but he thinks the industry received a good boost over the weekend “when six out of nine of the Republican presidential candidates that came to the Ag Summit expressed support for the RFS.”
National Corn Growers Association (NCGA) first vice president Rob Elliott of Illinois talked about how the facts dispel the perpetual myths about food versus fuel. “Corn prices are now below cost of production … so obviously food prices have not followed a similar path,” he said.
Adam Monroe, president of advanced biofuels producer Novozymes, said if Washington gives in to pressure by the oil industry to weaken the RFS it will keep second generation biofuels from going forward. “It makes it tremendously difficult for us to bring in new investors and spend more money,” he said.
Renewable Fuels Association president Bob Dinneen says no matter what ethanol critics say, there is now real world data that shows no detrimental effects have occurred as a result of the RFS and he encouraged reporters to question API. “Ask them to explain the fact that the price of corn is lower than it was when the RFS was passed,” he said, noting also that food price inflation has been lower, the dead zone has gotten smaller, and hunger worldwide has fallen.
Read the original story here: Biofuels Leaders Defend RFS
March 10, 2015
By Erin Voegele
The U.S. Energy Information Administration has published the March issue of its Short-Term Energy Outlook, increasing its forecasts for both 2015 and 2016 ethanol production.
According to the EIA, ethanol production hit a new record monthly average of 1.002 million barrels per day in December 2014, with production in February estimated to have fallen to an average of 948,000 barrels per day. Ethanol production averaged 935,000 barrels per day last year.
The EIA currently predicts ethanol production will average 947,000 barrels per day this year, up from a forecast of 938,000 barrels per day made in the February STEO. In 2016, ethanol production is expected to drop slightly, averaging 942,000 barrels per day, up from the 936,000 barrel per day estimated included in the February STEO.
Biodiesel production averaged an estimated 93,000 barrels per day in 2014 and is expected to average 84,000 barrels per day this year and next year.
According to the EIA, average U.S. gasoline retail prices increased for the sixth consecutive week, from $2.04 per gallon on Jan. 26 to $2.49 per gallon on March 9. In the STEO, the EIA said the increase reflects rising crude oil prices and several outages at West Coast refineries. Gasoline retail prices, which averaged $3.36 per gallon last year, are expected to average $2.39 per gallon this year, up 5 cents per gallon when compared to the forecast made in the February STEO. In 2016, gasoline prices are expected to increase, averaging $2.73 per gallon.
The EIA’s most recent weekly ethanol production data shows production averaged 931,000 barrels per day for the week ending Feb. 27, down slightly from an average of 947,000 barrels per day for the week ending Feb. 20. The most recent monthly import and export data indicates the U.S. imported 292,000 barrels of ethanol in December, with 285,000 barrels of that volume imported from Brazil. Only 33,000 barrels were imported in November. The U.S. exported nearly 1.8 million barrels of ethanol in December, down from nearly 2.17 billion barrels in November. Top export destinations in December included 630,000 barrels to Canada, 414,000 barrels to Brazil, and 251,000 barrels to the Philippines.
Read the original story here : EIA Increases 2015, 2016 Ethanol Production Forecasts
March 7, 2015
By Jon Ward
DES MOINES, Iowa — The political operative, a man named Monte Shaw, pointed to the poured concrete floor and drew an imaginary box that he said Jeb Bush was standing in, metaphorically speaking.
“I thought Bush was fine. Right now we have him in the pro [Renewable Fuel Standard] box,” Shaw, executive director of the Iowa Renewable Fuels Association, said. “What I heard was, ‘Hey, I'm gonna keep it in place.’”
This was the sort of conversation that took place in an assembly hall at the Iowa State Fairgrounds here on Saturday after Bush made his first onstage appearance as a likely presidential candidate in the state, whose caucuses in 2016 will kick off primary balloting.
The event was unprecedented in the state’s political history: Nine potential presidential candidates, including Bush, trekked to Iowa specifically to sit on a stage and answer questions not from a journalist, but from businessman Bruce Rastetter, a “pork and ethanol giant” who has become a political player in the state over the past several years. Iowa political observers said they’d never seen anything quite like it.
Rastetter asked the same set of questions, with a few variations, to each potential candidate at the 2015 Iowa Ag Summit. At the top of his priority list was to get each politician on record, in Iowa, on where they stand on the Renewable Fuel Standard, which was created in 2005 and requires each gallon of transportation fuel sold in the U.S. to include 10 percent renewable fuels, with a certain percentage of that being ethanol, a corn-based fuel that’s crucial to Iowa’s economy.
“Iowa has largely missed out on this last recession because of the success of our renewable energy sector,” said Ron Heck, past president of the Iowa Soybean Association.
Bill Couser, co-chairman of America’s Renewable Future, the group organizing the event, bluntly laid out the agriculture sector’s calculus heading into the event Saturday. Their “challenge” for potential candidates, he said, was, “You support us, we’ll support you.”
Most of the possible candidates fell into one of two camps. They were for the RFS, with two exceptions. Former Texas Gov. Rick Perry and Sen. Ted Cruz (R-Texas) have stated in the past that they favor ending the RFS and did not veer from that position onstage with Rastetter. In response, ARF sent out a press release while the event was still going slapping Perry and Cruz down in sharply worded language.
“Cruz, Perry Need Education on Renewable Fuel, While Other Leading Candidates Support Renewable Fuel Standard,” the group said.
New Jersey Gov. Chris Christie was unequivocal in his rhetoric on the RFS, a response certain to please the organizers. “The law requires it,” he said.
Wisconsin Gov. Scott Walker, who currently leads in Iowa polls, reversed his position on the issue. In the past he has expressed opposition to ethanol subsidies, but on Saturday he said that because ethanol does not have full access to the fuel market, the RFS should be continued for now. “It’s something I’m willing to go forward on continuing a Renewable Fuel Standard,” Walker said. He said it should be phased out at some point in the future, but did not specify when.
However, after Bush sat down with Rastetter, listeners were left debating what he’d actually said.
Bush said that the RFS “has worked, for sure” and “has been a benefit” because it has “reduced our dependence on foreign oil.” But he also gave a nod to the more conservative elements of the GOP who oppose government support for industry and corporations.
“I would suggest to you that ultimately, whether it’s ethanol or any other alternative fuel, renewable or otherwise, the markets ultimately are going to decide this,” Bush said. “At some point we’ll see a reduction of the RFS need because ethanol will be such a valuable part of the energy piece of our country. Whether that’s 2022 or sometime in the future I don’t know.”
That sounded like a knock on the RFS. But Couser, Shaw and other renewable fuel advocates noted that the law actually requires the phasing out of the RFS in 2022.
Immediately after Bush finished speaking, Craig Robinson, a widely read conservative blogger who runs the Iowa Republican website, said he thought Bush was coming down ever so slightly against the RFS in a play for hardcore conservatives.
“Bush didn’t come out and say that he outright opposed the Renewable Fuel Standard and wind tax credit, but he didn’t embrace them either. Bush essentially took a similar position to Senators Ted Cruz and Rand Paul by saying that ultimately the market should decide,” Robinson wrote in an e-mail.
Robinson thought this might be an attempt to win over conservatives who are unhappy with Bush’s moderation on immigration and education, a move with dubious prospect for success and one that could hurt him in a general election, when voters in both parties will want federal support for Iowa’s economy.
But the renewable fuel and ethanol advocates said they were generally happy about Bush’s appearance, though they wanted to get more clarification.
“He's doing a little bit of dancing,” Shaw said. “Bush was pretty good, but we probably need to clarify just to make sure we heard what we thought we did.”
Couser said he wanted to follow up with Bush as well. “I'm anxious to sit down with him. ... I would really like to get a definite answer. He kind of sidestepped it."
Another ARF adviser, who asked not to be named, put it more bluntly: “We felt pretty good about it,” he said of Bush’s comments.
An Iowa Farm Bureau official added that Bush’s comments “keep him in the wheelhouse, keep him in the game.”
Bush’s first trip here to the Hawkeye State included a fundraiser Friday night with first-term congressman David Young, a Republican from southwest Iowa; a private meeting with volunteers and activists at a barbecue restaurant in West Des Moines; and a meet and greet with voters at a Pizza Ranch in Cedar Rapids, two hours east of Des Moines.
Another question that Rastetter asked each candidate was about genetically modified crops and whether food manufacturers should be required to label food that is modified. A group of protesters outside the event in the morning held signs demanding that such a requirement be passed into law. To a man, each Republican said they were opposed to requiring labeling.
But some, including Bush, said they were in favor of requiring that food be labeled with its country of origin. When he and his family make guacamole at home, Bush said, “I want to know where that avocado is from.”
Read the original story here : Jeb Bush Remarks On Ethanol Have Iowans Reading Tea Leaves
March 6, 2015
By Bobby Likis, President of Car Clinic
Jay Leno is a car guy … and someone I’ve respected for many years. But Jay’s AutoWeek article “Can’t We Just Get Rid Of Ethanol?” makes zero sense to me.
I’m a car guy too. Restored and own a classic 1980 Weisssach Porsche 911. Auto service shop owner for 44 years with over 200,000 vehicles (from classics to hybrids) rolling through the bays. Engine builder. Car-talk host answering more than 100,000 car questions live on radio, television, web and social media.
What I read in the “Rid” article does not sound like Jay Leno, the car guy. Oddly enough, not too long ago at SEMA, Mr. Leno was touting E85 and other ethanol-blends of gasoline with his Z06 ‘Vette. Now, for whatever unknown reason, he’s slamming ethanol. I cannot believe “what Jay said” is “what Jay really believes.” His words smack of otherwise invested horse-whisperers who use personal agendas to sway vulnerable-for-whatever-reason people towards their way.
So as a car guy, allow me to share a few ethanol facts with you.
1) Water absorption: No doubt that ethanol emulsifies and holds water. Yay!! That’s a good thing! In fact, “holding” / suspending /emulsifying water is an ethanol ASSET — not detriment — as gas tanks actually run dryer after the transition from E0 to E10. Mercury Marine — the boat engine manufacturer — states this fact. Specifically with regard to moisture, a gallon of ethanol suspends FOUR (4) TEASPOONS of water per gallon of fuel before phase separation. On the other hand, gasoline suspends only POINT ONE FIVE (.15) TEASPOON (that’s LESS than ONE teaspoon) of water per gallon before phase separation. So PHASE SEPARATION WILL OCCUR 26 TIMES MORE RAPIDLY WITH GASOLINE THAN WITH ETHANOL! This has been demonstrated hundreds of times (including one demonstration I recently saw by Dr. Andrew Randolph, technical director of Earnhardt-Childress Racing), clearly substantiating that gasoline does NOT effectively hold (suspend) water. So with straight gasoline, whatever water is in any tank or atmosphere “phase separates” and falls to the bottom of the tank. In contrast in ethanol-blended fuel, the ethanol will suspend that water during the driving of the vehicle; then, harmlessly carry it through the system to be vaporized by the engine without affecting the engine in the least. The suspended water, vaporized by the engine, produces NO harmful emissions. And one more point: at 70 degrees Fahrenheit and 70 percent relative humidity, it takes more than two months for even gasoline to absorb water. Since ethanol has 26 times the suspension capability of gasoline, it would take literally months and months before any phase separation could possibly take place. I can state categorically that I own a Classic 1980 Limited Edition Weissach Porsche 911 and have driven it three times in the past three years … to buy fresh gas. I start this vehicle (about every three months) and let it run for no less than ½ hour to circulate the E10 gas.
2) Increased car fires over past three decades: Totally spoken out of context. GM recalled nearly 1.5 million cars as a result of rocker covers leaking oil. Maybe the next article should be “Why Can’t We Remove Oil From All Engines?” Leaking fuel lines allow fuel to hit hot engines and ka-blooooie … really? I’ve operated my own bumper-to-bumper full service automotive repair and service shop for 44 years and had more than 200,000 cars and small trucks come through our doors and not one has ever had an engine damaged by ethanol much less a fire.
3) “The worse can happen”: Not according to studies/research. Hagerty Insurance — you know, THE classic car insurance company — funded a study by Kettering University (known for its reputation in the field of automotive research) on the use of E10 in older cars. Wouldn’t you think if E10 caused damage in the collector cars that Hagerty insures that Hagerty would be the first to say, “Can’t We Just Get Rid of Ethanol?” Instead, after 1,500 hours of testing with E0 (0 percent ethanol) and E10 (10 percent ethanol), general consensus was that “with minor updates and proper maintenance, E10 will not negatively affect your old car or truck.” Ah, the voice of reason … and research. For more reason and research, check out the Renewable Fuels Association’s detailed and facts-forward guide for classic car owners (“Gasoline Ethanol Blends in the Classic Auto”).
4) Renewable Fuel Standard: My head is still spinning with the totally out of context references to ethanol in classic cars, but Mr. Leno’s reflections on the Renewable Fuel Standard should be titled “Can’t We Simply Continue America’s 100+ Year Dependence On Foreign Oil?” Unthinkable. Tossing the Renewable Fuel Standard not only ensures we remain dependent on foreign oil, but also such actions literally cause would-be investors to pause and reconsider their potential investments in our nation’s renewable energy opportunities.
With all due respect for the beautiful, treasured classics in garages and at car shows, let’s clear the smoke about any conclusion — even dead-wrong ones — about E10 in classic cars. How about refocusing on the other 260,000,000 light (non-commercial) vehicles on U.S. roads today? The average age is about 11½ years. So most of us drive cars made in this millennium … not made in the ‘70s or before. “Why Can’t We Just Get Rid of Steak ‘Cause Babies Can’t Eat It?” would be a nice, scare-tactic, demotivator for auto manufacturers worldwide to design, engineer and manufacture future vehicles that optimize the high-performance, environmentally friendly engines that thrive on high-octane ethanol.
Thank goodness the early 1900s best seller “Why Can’t We Just Get Rid of Cars” — written by the horse breeders — didn’t catch on.
Read the original story here : Can't We Just Get Rid Of Ethanol Ignorance?
March 6, 2014
As America marks the 102nd anniversary of tax breaks for oil companies this week, the Fuels America coalition is launching the “Clean, Secure American Energy” campaign, an effort that will highlight the success of the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS). The “Clean, Secure, American Energy” campaign will culminate in the tenth anniversary of the RFS in August.
Oil company tax breaks were first signed into law by President Woodrow Wilson as part of the very first income tax code, which took effect on March 1, 1913. In contrast, tax credits for ethanol expired several years ago, and the Renewable Fuel Standard has existed for just 10 years. In those 10 years, however, the commonsense, bipartisan RFS has tripled America’s biofuel production and helped lower our oil dependence to the lowest level in decades, while delivering significant environmental and public health benefits.
The RFS has played an important role in advancing American energy independence and national security as part of an “all of the above” energy strategy. And because Renewable Fuel is produced right here in the United States, the industry supports 852,000 American jobs.
Last week, renewable fuel champions highlighted the environmental benefits of the RFS with the release of a letter to President Obama, urging him to ensure the EPA’s new multiyear rule for the RFS supports growth for existing and new biofuels technologies and lives up to the original intent of the bipartisan law.
“The RFS is working and has resulted in significant environmental gains,” the letter said. The RFS is America's only fully implemented policy that reduces greenhouse gas emissions and other pollutants.”
March 3, 2015
By Hank Naughton
Although it doesn’t feel like it now, spring and summer are fast approaching in Massachusetts. If gasoline prices stay low, millions of Bay Staters will have the ability to inexpensively travel across New England to visit our wonderful beaches, mountains and parks. However, the one downside of cheap fuel at the pump is that it lulls people into forgetting our over-reliance on oil creates a serious national security concern for America and our allies.
In the United States, we use oil to power about 90 percent of our motor vehicles. Since oil is a commodity traded on the world market, the high demand across our nation means we have a hand in driving up oil prices that enrich countries and despots around the world that don’t always have our best interests at heart.
One obvious example is Saudi Arabia, a country in which elements exist that fund radical Islamic schools and which preach hatred of America and Israel throughout the world. We must not forget that nearly all of the 9/11 hijackers — and Osama bin Laden himself — were of Saudi descent and products of these elements.
Like any addiction, our over-reliance on oil can be broken. One way to do it is through investment in the production of renewable fuels. Luckily, the United States is already home to the best renewable fuel development policy in the world, known as the Renewable Fuel Standard. The law requires the United States blend increasing amounts of renewable fuel into America’s transportation fuel supply every year. It also gives the Environmental Protection Agency the authority to adjust the standard annually to ensure it aligns with the amount of renewable fuel available.
Incredibly, virtually every gallon of gasoline sold in this country now contains 10 percent renewable fuel. An increasing percentage of U.S. diesel fuel is now comprised of biodiesel. These petroleum alternatives are produced by hundreds of American biorefineries that did not exist just 10 years ago.
Unfortunately, the news is not all good. Despite the fact that today, nearly every renewable fuel source has the capability to produce more product going forward, the EPA has not established blending requirements since 2013. This delay has wreaked havoc in the biofuels industry and caused investment dollars in advanced biofuels to be put on hold or sent overseas. This has caused plants and laboratories producing renewable fuels to close, including some in Massachusetts.
It has also been reported that the Obama administration and the EPA are still considering including a waiver in the RFS that would allow the oil companies — who distribute biofuels at gas stations around the nation — to refuse to do so. If included in the RFS, this would be a death blow to the growth of the industry in this country and an acknowledgment that our political leaders are wavering on biofuels, just as some of the most promising advanced fuels from sources like switch grass and algae are coming online.
Read the original story here: Renewable Fuels Critical to Energy Security
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March 3, 2015
By Mikkel Pates
Sioux Falls, S.D. - Jeff Broin says if farmers want corn prices back at a profitable level, they need to get involved in politics and get engaged to keep the ethanol industry strong.
At age 49, Broin is the executive chairman and founder of Poet LLC, a company that operates 27 ethanol plants across seven states, producing an estimated 1.7 billion gallons of ethanol a year.
“If it weren’t for ethanol, corn would be $1 per bushel to $1.50 per bushel,” Broin says. “Farmers need to let their senators and representatives know that we need more ethanol production in this country to save the American farm, or we’ll see a long, long period of depressed grain prices and dropping land prices that could go on for decades.”
Ensuring the Environmental Protection Agency keeps ethanol use targets strong, despite lower-than-predicted gasoline consumption, will be crucial. The EPA guidance from the 2007 Renewable Fuel Standard had mandated 14.4 billion gallons for 2014 and 15 billion gallons for 2015. EPA says it will have final numbers this spring for 2014 and 2015, and a proposed rule for 2016. The petroleum industry wants the RFS program scrapped. Significant parts of the livestock industry also oppose it.
Broin and the ethanol industry say farmers need to strongly advocate for the standards to be left alone, although they’re increasingly alone in that fight.
Big yields
Broin says farmers were deep in the ethanol debate in the 1980s and into the 1990s. They became “complacent” when corn hit $7 per bushel, and more so in the drought of 2012, he says.
Ethanol helped add $5 trillion to U.S. farmland values and farmers will wake up when those dollars start to go away, he says. Broin thinks last year’s record corn yield could be followed by another record yield in 2015.
“I’ve seen technology where they’re averaging 300 bushels per acre on corn,” Broin says. “The national average is in the 160s, but the average could go to 300 bushels in the next 10 years. Where’s all that corn going to go? The only place for it to go is ethanol.”
He thinks farmers won’t have any problem feeding the world, even with an estimated 9 billion people by the year 2050.
He says the pedestrian who hears 40 percent of the U.S. corn crop is purchased by the ethanol industry is ignorant of the fact that 6 percent — the starch portion — goes to ethanol production. The rest, including distillers grains and oils, goes back into the food and animal feed supply.
The ‘war’
“There’s a war going on between oil and agriculture for the future fuel supply of the world,” Broin says. “If that’s a shared situation, which is what it should be, agriculture and oil will both have sustainable, decent prices.
If oil wins — and ethanol never gets beyond 10 percent — oil is going to be very high-priced and corn is going to be well below the cost of production and subsidized by the U.S. government.”
Broin and his various ethanol allies are attempting to move the U.S. from a 10 percent ethanol standard (E10) in gasoline to 15 percent (E15).
David Kolsrud, president of DAK Renewable Energy Inc., of Brandon, S.D., agrees with Broin’s points on the importance of farmer involvement in the fight to keep the RFS. Kolsrud, a member of the American Coalition for Ethanol, was a former manager of the Agri-Energy plant in Luverne, Minn., one of the plants built by Broin in the late 1990s.
Kolsrud, who also farms near Beaver Creek in southwest Minnesota, acknowledges he and Broin don’t always agree, but he admires Broin for his commitment to ethanol.
Dave Ripplinger, a North Dakota State University Extension bioenergy specialist, says Broin likely has had the biggest influence on building the industry — the business model, the plants, the markets and the policy.
Ripplinger says he can’t say whether corn prices would drop to $1.50 per bushel without an RFS, because that would depend on how the existing ethanol plants would continue. But he says the outlook would be bearish. He says the pro-ethanol coalition that included farmers, environmentalists and even parts of the oil and gas industry itself are gone.
One key change has been domestic oil production in North Dakota’s Bakken oil fields.
Started at age 14
Broin has seen ethanol overcome big challenges before.
His first exposure to ethanol was when he was 14, growing up on a farm south of Minneapolis near the town of Wanamingo, Minn. Corn was cheap and farmers were heading into a credit crisis.
It was a desperate time of agricultural policy theater. The American Agriculture Movement launched 3,000 tractors to Washington, D.C., in January 1978 and in February 1979.
Broin remembers how Paul Middaugh, a microbiology professor at South Dakota State University, built the first operating dry mill ethanol plant in the country. In April 1979, Middaugh took a farm-scale alcohol plant to Washington, D.C., where he made ethanol on the National Mall. Farmers in the North Dakota, South Dakota and Minnesota built many plants from 1979 to 1981, many of them small, 10,000-gallon-per-year, inefficient plants that soon stopped working.
Broin’s father, Lowell (who still farms today) started experimenting with ethanol in 1983. He was being paid by the government to store corn in Quonset buildings.
“Storing corn for the government — being paid to grow weeds by the government,” Broin recalls. “Corn was $1.30 a bushel and it cost $2.75 a bushel to grow it, and there was no end in sight.”
In 1986, the Broins built an on-farm ethanol plant to use surplus corn and produce 250,000 gallons per year.
Expanding, building
In 1987, the Broins bought a Scotland, S.D., plant out of bankruptcy and restarted it in 1988, running at 1 million gallons per year. It was the only operating plant in the state. Jeff Broin, who held an ag business degree from the University of Wisconsin-River Falls, was the company’s general manager at age 22.
“As soon as I got it running and starting to make some money, I knew that it had to be bigger to survive,” Broin recalls.
In 1990, Congress passed the Clean Air Act. The same year, the Broins broke ground to increase the Scotland plant to 2.7 million gallons per year, forming Broin Enterprises as a construction company. A couple years later, the Broins created Broin & Associates, a design and engineering firm. They took their own Scotland plant to 7 million gallons, then 11 million.
“We rebuilt that plant three different times,” Broin says.
They built Heartland Grain Fuels in Aberdeen, S.D., and Heartland Corn Products in Winthrop, Minn.
The Broins also created management and marketing companies to market ethanol and distillers grains from the plants they helped build. They built research and technology entities, today housed on a grand Poet campus in Sioux Falls. The subsidiaries brought DDGs into the swine, poultry, fish and pet food markets.
Beyond corn
In 2000, the family developed Broin Project, a plan to convert starch to ethanol without cooking. The technology was released in 2004. The same year, they built a plant in Emmetsburg, Iowa, called Project Liberty, to become a cellulosic ethanol plant that uses corn leaves, husks and cobs as feedstock.
In 2005, Broin helped found the Ethanol Promotion and Information Council, to educate an “often misinformed general public” about ethanol, he says.
In 2007, Broin bought out his family members. He changed the company name to Poet LLC and expanded its headquarters. The name was created to evoke creativity shared by actual poets and farmers.
“I love that it’s short, I love that it’s memorable and that people ask why Poet? Does that make sense?” he says.
In 2008, Poet launched a quarterly magazine called “Vital.” In 2012, Poet hired Jeff Lautt as CEO, while Broin became chairman of the board.
In September 2014, the cellulosic plant in Emmetsburg opened for business.
“We’re leaving almost all of the stalk in the field for erosion control and fertilizer,” Broin says of the corn-based feedstock for the plant. “The plant’s up and operating well.”
Poet and the enzyme and yeast companies each have spent tens or hundreds of millions of dollars developing the technology, he says.
“We can get about 80 gallons of ethanol per acre, about a ton per acre of stover, which is about 80 gallons of ethanol per acre. When you look at corn around the country, you could produce about 10 billion gallons of ethanol, using 25 percent of the above-ground stover.”
A total of 100 billion tons of biomass go to waste every year in the U.S. that could produce 80 billion gallons of ethanol, Broin says.
“That’s enough to replace all of our imported gasoline and oil,” he emphasizes.
The right business model
Broin says Poet is involved in companies that have 6,000 farmer investors. The company owns about 25 percent of the stock in plants it’s involved with — ranging from 2 percent to 75 percent each, a business model that he considers vital to company success. Scotland is the only plant owned 100 percent by Poet.
“We did it right,” Broin says.
Poet built plants in the Corn Belt where corn prices were historically low, compared with national markets. The company became an expert at analyzing sites for infrastructure such as natural gas.
Broin holds up a chart that shows the price of corn and the production of ethanol from 1994 to 2014. The two values are strongly correlated.
“I remember this industry was created and talked about as a way to increase corn prices,” Broin says. “It was the way we sold the stock in the original plants, that you could hedge your grain against energy.”
But he describes the EPA blend wall as, “basically our own government holding back the industry by locking us in at 10 percent ethanol in gasoline.”
Read the original story here : Ethanol Industry And Farmers Should Work Together, Poet Exec Says
Feb 27, 2015
By Susanne Retka Schill
Secretary of Agriculture Tom Vilsack asked for the ethanol industry's support for the Trans-Pacific Partnership in his keynote address at the 2015 Growth Energy Executive Leadership Conference held in Phoenix Feb. 26-27.
The opponents to the TPP are well organized, he explained, while those who understand the benefits have not been vocal. "I spoke to a Congressman that said he had 1,200 comments opposed to TPP and just two in favor," he said. There is a great opportunity to expand exports to Asia, which is expected to see the middle class grow to number 3.2 billion in the next 15 years. "There won't be that opportunity if we don't get the TPP agreement done," he said, "and it will create a huge void. Who's going to fill that void?" he asked. "China. Who would you rather write the rules of trade, China or the U.S.?"
Chief Agricultural Negotiator Darci Vetter, who spoke at the conference before Vilsack, said many parts of the TPP have been negotiated, which leaves the most difficult issues left to decide. The TPP goes beyond expand export opportunities through the elimination of trade barriers and tariffs, to include intellectual property protection and transparency on rulemaking. She said that under the TPP, ethanol tariffs into Japan and Vietnam will be eliminated.
Vetter added that a successful conclusion of the Trans-Pacific Partnership will pave the way for negotiations with the European Union and others in the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership, which are at an earlier stage. "We're pursuing the elimination of all tariffs, including those on ethanol," she said.
In addition the discussion on supporting trade negotiations, Vilsack addressed other measures being taken by the USDA. At last year's conference, he noted, he announced the USDA would be dedicating Market Access Program funds to ethanol export development. "We saw a 35 percent increase in exports last year, and for the first time, we had a biofuel trade effort in China."
The agency is working with the White House to find other avenues and funding to support blending infrastructure, he said, even though Congress has blocked USDA from using REAP funds. In addition, the USDA Economic Research Service is going to do a comprehensive review of recent research and publish a report on the progress being made in the renewable fuels industry. "It's long overdue," he said. The productivity gains in agriculture are not understood, he added, pointing out that in last few decades, "we've had a 200 percent increase in production in farm fields and a 2 percent reduction in acres. U.S. agriculture represents 9 percent of our greenhouse gas emissions," he continued, "while internationally that's 14 percent. If we include forestry, we're net zero."
Read the original story here: Vilsack calls for ethanol industry support of trade negotiations
Feb 26, 2015
By Syngenta
Corn feedstock is the single biggest input cost for an ethanol plant, and ethanol yield per bushel is one of the most important drivers of plant profitability. Because higher quality corn means higher ethanol yields, Syngenta is working with ethanol plants to help growers improve grain quality and earn a premium for doing so.
According to Chris Tingle, head of Enogen and Water Solutions for Syngenta, ethanol plants are increasingly seeking not just clean, dry corn with little or no damage or foreign material, but also grain with quality characteristics that can help maximize ethanol production.
“A growing demand for high-quality feedstock is creating opportunities for growers to increase their income per acre,” Tingle said. “By supplying the quality grain that ethanol plants want all year long, growers can maximize profitability, while helping to support the ethanol industry.”
Syngenta designed the Ethanol Grain Quality Solution specifically for growers who plant Enogen, Golden Harvest and NK Corn hybrids. Its goals are to raise yields and drive grain quality through effective insect control, early-season weed management, glyphosate weed-resistance management, and crop enhancement (the Syngenta global business focused on minimizing the effects of nonliving factors, such as heat, wind and rain, on plants). The Ethanol Grain Quality Solution provides the ethanol plant and its growers more high-quality grain, while improving return on investment.
“Growers with an Enogen contract can receive an additional 10 cents per bushel premium above the current Enogen contract premium by following agronomic protocols outlined in the Ethanol Grain Quality Solution,” Tingle said. “Plus, growers who have purchased Golden Harvest or NK Corn can receive 10 cents more per bushel for any additional bushels of corn produced under the Ethanol Grain Quality Solution protocol, provided those bushels are delivered to the ethanol plant.”
According to Adam Todd, grain purchasing manager for Quad County Corn Processors in Galva, Iowa, the Ethanol Grain Quality Solution allows QCCP to buy more corn directly from farmers and provides access to higher quality grain.
“Corn purchased direct from the farm generally has a higher starch and oil content,” Todd said. “It has less foreign matter. Those factors help us increase our crush margins. Higher quality grain is going to have more starch available, and that’s what we’re after, as well as less mold and less bacteria. That starch is going to be more readily available and will help us increase our ethanol yield.”
Todd added that rewarding farmers for investing in higher quality grain can help position them for higher yields, too.
“Farmers tell us the premium available through the Ethanol Grain Quality Solution minimally enables them to pay for a top-notch herbicide and fungicide program, which helps them to not only enhance grain quality, but also, generally speaking, achieve higher yields as well,” Todd said. “For example, one of our growers saw a 19-bushel-per-acre advantage in a side-by-side comparison that was part of the program. Taking steps to manage grain quality can help corn growers improve their return on investment in more ways than one.”
Read the original story here: Ethanol plants, growers partner with Syngenta
Feb 26, 2015
By Cindy Zimmerman
The National Ethanol Conference featured a panel addressing the road ahead for higher blends.
Renewable Fuels Association (RFA) vice president for industry relations Robert White moderated the panel, which included Kristi Moriarty, National Renewable Energy Laboratory; John Eichberger, National Association of Convenience Stores; and Brian West with Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
“In the past, there was a lot of interest in the number of stations that offered E85 versus the volume. The number we’re looking for today is much different. It’s how many gallons are sold,” said White, pointing out that while some stations in lower populations might be going away, there are more stations going up in higher populations area, where more flex-fuel vehicles are available, pushing up the overall amount of higher blends sold.
Moriarty said their long-term studies on E10 show how the green fuel has not damaged equipment and should serve as an example of how E15 would also be fine. She also encouraged those in attendance to have some empathy for retailers, some who still have to meet the oil companies’ gasoline sales requirements, which ethanol can cut into. Eichberger, who comes from that retail perspective, said his group found the number of E85 pumps in the U.S. has increased 14 percent annually every year since 2007. And he said with fewer flex-fuel friendly stations available per each flex-fuel vehicle (FFV) as compared to those for regular fueled vehicles, more E85 pumps are certainly in the picture.
“There’s a lot of room for growth,” pointing out that while there is a 32-billion-gallon potential market for E85 (if all FFVs fueled at 100 percent), a more realistic goal is getting all the E85 stations by 2025 to sell at what the top 10 percent is selling now, making for a 4.5-billion-gallon E85 market.
West pointed out how good of an octane booster ethanol is and added that it is easier to get in a mid-level blend pump, such as E25, than it is to put in the infrastructure for a hydrogen-based pump.
White sent attendees off with a little job to do: talk to retailers about the benefits of selling ethanol, especially the higher blends.
“Talk to one retailer and ask them [to sell a higher blend],” said White. “Everyone in this industry needs to help the growth of this industry.”
Read the original story here: #NEC15 Travels Road Ahead for Higher Blends
Feb 25, 2015
WASHINGTON — The Renewable Fuels Association (RFA) announced today that it has acquired E85prices.com, which is a crowdsourced website that offers updated prices for E85 and other ethanol flex-fuels — including E15 — from thousands of stations across the country. In addition to E85prices.com, RFA acquired 11 new websites and a new mobile app to strengthen its online presence and its ability to provide up-to-the-minute information on the availability and pricing of E85 and other ethanol flex-fuels.
E85prices.com and E85vehicles.com are the most visited of the 12 new sites now owned by RFA, with E85prices.com receiving approximately 4 million hits last year. E85prices.com has been a go-to source for consumers seeking E85 pricing information to help make informed fuel purchase decisions. The website also maintains a station locator, a database of all existing E85 stations and blender pump locations, and an online forum. Meanwhile, E85vehicles.com helps consumers locate or identify a flex-fuel vehicle (FFV).
Robert White, vice president of industry relations at the RFA, touted the sites, noting, “As the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) continues to be discussed in Congress, and the 2014–2016 RFS requirements remain under consideration at Environmental Protection Agency, we believe it is more important than ever to provide concrete information to decision-makers about E85, E15, and other flex-fuels. At the same time, consumers are looking for more information on renewable fuels, and these websites have provided that service to millions of unique visitors each year. The RFA intends to further strengthen the usefulness and reliability of these websites and ensure the appropriate resources are dedicated to advance all of them into the future.”
In July of 2014, RFA cited E85prices.com when it called on the Department of Energy (DOE) to update their Alternative Fuels Data Center (AFDC) database, which was missing nearly 1,000 stations. RFA will continue its efforts to ensure all station databases reflect the real world, and will work with DOE to fix the current discrepancies in their database.
The information on E85prices.com is crowdsourced, but RFA will confirm all station locations and ensure they are offering higher-level fuel blends.
Read the original story here : RFA Acquires E85prices.com
WASHINGTON — The Renewable Fuels Association (RFA) announced today that it has acquired E85prices.com, which is a crowdsourced website that offers updated prices for E85 and other ethanol flex-fuels — including E15 — from thousands of stations across the country. In addition to E85prices.com, RFA acquired 11 new websites and a new mobile app to strengthen its online presence and its ability to provide up-to-the-minute information on the availability and pricing of E85 and other ethanol flex-fuels.
E85prices.com and E85vehicles.com are the most visited of the 12 new sites now owned by RFA, with E85prices.com receiving approximately 4 million hits last year. E85prices.com has been a go-to source for consumers seeking E85 pricing information to help make informed fuel purchase decisions. The website also maintains a station locator, a database of all existing E85 stations and blender pump locations, and an online forum. Meanwhile, E85vehicles.com helps consumers locate or identify a flex-fuel vehicle (FFV).
Robert White, vice president of industry relations at the RFA, touted the sites, noting, “As the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) continues to be discussed in Congress, and the 2014–2016 RFS requirements remain under consideration at Environmental Protection Agency, we believe it is more important than ever to provide concrete information to decision-makers about E85, E15, and other flex-fuels. At the same time, consumers are looking for more information on renewable fuels, and these websites have provided that service to millions of unique visitors each year. The RFA intends to further strengthen the usefulness and reliability of these websites and ensure the appropriate resources are dedicated to advance all of them into the future.”
In July of 2014, RFA cited E85prices.com when it called on the Department of Energy (DOE) to update their Alternative Fuels Data Center (AFDC) database, which was missing nearly 1,000 stations. RFA will continue its efforts to ensure all station databases reflect the real world, and will work with DOE to fix the current discrepancies in their database.
The information on E85prices.com is crowdsourced, but RFA will confirm all station locations and ensure they are offering higher-level fuel blends.
- See more at: http://www.ethanolrfa.org/news/entry/rfa-acquires-e85prices.com/#sthash.atfNh9fv.dpufFeb 24, 2015
By Growth Energy
Fuel with 15 percent ethanol, known as E15, has made its way into south Florida recently. E15 has been approved for sale by the U.S. EPA since January 2011 and has been offered to consumers since July of 2012. Now it’s making its way to gas pumps across the country. The ethanol expansion is grabbing the attention of consumers and making headlines in the convenience and fuel retail industry.
Five years ago, NASCAR made the change to an ethanol fuel blend and has run on Sunoco Green E15 since the 2011 Daytona 500. NASCAR Chairman and CEO Brian France stated, "time and time again, our sport has demonstrated that it is a great validator of technology, particularly in the green and transportation sectors.” France added, “There's no better example of that than our seamless transition to Sunoco Green E15.”
NASCAR made the fuel change in conjunction with its NASCAR Green Platform, the largest and most comprehensive recycling, tree planting and renewable energy program in sports. Not only has the move to Sunoco Green E15 proven to be an environmentally beneficial decision, it’s actually boosted the performance of the race cars in all three of NASCAR’s national series — lowering emissions and increasing horsepower.
Growth Energy’s CEO Tom Buis explained how NASCAR’s massive loyal following, third party validation and green initiative were very attractive for a partnership. "Ethanol-blended fuel is greener, cleaner and homegrown. It reduces our dependence on foreign oil, creates jobs right here at home and helps improve our environment. We want consumers to know that E15 is a safe, high performance and reliable option for them that is less expensive and supports hometown jobs when they fill up at the pump,” Buis said.
Read the original story here:E15 is new to most fuel stations, but not to NASCAR
Feb 23, 2015
By John Davis
The latest numbers from the federal government shows biodiesel was the leader in growth among biofuels in the United States. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory’s (NREL) 2013 Renewable Energy Data Book showed good gains for many of the renewable energy industries, while energy consumption from petroleum actually slumped, despite an overall increase in the amount of energy consumed.
United States overall energy consumption grew to 97.3 quadrillion Btu in 2013, a 2.4% increase from 2012. Energy consumption from coal and renewables grew slightly, while consumption from petroleum and natural gas fell slightly.
Biodiesel was the fastest growing biofuel type, with production increasing by 64% in the United States and 17% globally, from a relatively small base.
Renewable electricity [including hydropower and biopower] grew to nearly 15% of total installed capacity and 13% of total electricity generation in the United States in 2013. Installed renewable electricity capacity exceeded 171 gigawatts (GW) in 2013, generating 534 TWh.
[S]olar electricity was the fastest growing electricity generation technology, with cumulative installed capacity increasing by nearly 66% from the previous year.
[W]ind electricity generation increased 20% in 2013, while wind electricity capacity grew 1.8%.
The report also found that in 2013, renewable electricity accounted for more than 61 percent of all new electricity capacity installations in the United States. By comparison, renewable electricity captured 4 percent of new capacity additions in 2004 and 57 percent in 2008.
Globally, solar photovoltaics (PV) and concentrated solar power (CSP) are among the fastest growing renewable electricity technologies— between 2000 and 2013, solar electricity generation worldwide increased by a factor of nearly 68.
Read the original story here: NREL: Biodiesel Leads Biofuels Growth in US
Feb 20, 2015
By The Energy Future Coalition, Urban Air Initiative
The California Air Resources Board was urged to enhance its efforts to require low carbon fuels by supporting the increased use of clean burning ethanol as a means of displacing aromatics in gasoline to reduce carbon and protect public health.
Comments submitted to the agency by The Energy Future Coalition and the Urban Air Initiative urged CARB to look at best available science which reflects significant improvements in the total life cycle of ethanol. The groups pointed out that according to the U.S. Energy Information Administration, conventional automobiles operating on petroleum products will continue to be the dominant fuel for decades. The California goal of reducing the carbon intensity of transportation fuels in the state will need to focus on the liquid fuels that EIA predicts will be 95 percent of the market.
“Simply replacing gasoline, which is increasingly carbon intensive, with ethanol provides substantial carbon reductions. Using that ethanol to replace toxic compounds used for octane provides a dual benefit of protecting public health,” said David VanderGriend, president of UAI. “Our research has shown that there is a clear linkage to gasoline and a range of negative health effects. So reducing carbon isn’t just a matter of greenhouse gas and potential climate change but also saving lives by reducing toxic emissions.”
The comments cited numerous supporting documents and reports, including research by Argonne National Laboratory which has devoted 20 years of research and analysis to the life-cycle greenhouse gas impacts of transportation fuels. As a 2012 Argonne paper summarized, “advances in technology and the resulting improved productivity in corn and sugarcane farming and ethanol conversion … have increased the energy and greenhouse gas (GHG) benefits of using bioethanol.”
As positive as that is, said VanderGriend, the numbers should be even better. The Argonne studies give no credit for corn’s ability to fix carbon in soil permanently. But new research is showing that modern, high-yield continuous corn grown using conservation or no-till practices is in fact sequestering and rebuilding the carbon content of soil in the Midwest. Argonne is beginning a new look at soil carbon fixation, as well as NOx emissions related to fertilizer use, with regard to its GHG estimates for corn ethanol. The net result is a range in carbon reduction from corn ethanol of 30-44 percent and cellulosic ethanol of as much as 100 percent.
The comments argue that current EPA and CARB life-cycle analysis models both underestimate corn’s superior ability as a highly efficient C4 plant in sequestering carbon, and should be updated accordingly.
The groups also provided background on the trends in the auto industry that clearly indicate a new generation of small bore, high compression engines will be needed to meet ever increasing mileage standards. Automakers have stated they will need higher octane fuels for those vehicles. Mid-level ethanol blends such as E30 could meet octane needs while reducing toxic aromatics and a number of dangerous criteria pollutants.
“We will continue to make the case that high compression engines powered by high octane mid-level ethanol blends will not take decades to come to market and will be cost competitive and save consumers money,” said VanderGriend. “It will provide a healthier fuel and would have a lower carbon footprint than even electric vehicles and fuel cells when proper lifecycle analyses are applied.”
Read the original story here: UAI, EFC urge recognition of ethanol as a way to reduce carbon